CDC developed the guideline using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The guideline addresses the following four areas: 1) determining whether or not to initiate opioids for pain, 2) selecting opioids and determining opioid dosages, 3) deciding duration of initial opioid prescription and conducting follow-up, and 4) assessing risk and addressing potential harms of opioid use. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care. It updates the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016 (MMWR Recomm Rep 2016 65:1–49) and includes recommendations for managing acute (duration of 3 months) pain. This guideline provides recommendations for clinicians providing pain care, including those prescribing opioids, for outpatients aged ≥18 years.
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